Background
Southeast Asia financial crisis with the worst drought in 50 years and the price of oil, gas and other export commodities that the jatuh.melanda India at the end of 1997 quickly turned into an economic crisis (inflation and the rupiah fell sharply increased) and the political.
Indonesia's first response to this problem is raising interest rates to control domestic inflation and weakening wage-exchange rate of rupiah, and consolidate policy fiskalnya.
In October 1997, Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reached agreement on the economic reform program aimed at stabilizing the macro economy and the removal of some economic policies that are harmful, such Permobilan National Program and monopoly, which involve family members Presiden Soeharto.
After the shooting of Trisakti University students on May 12, 1998, the whole society Indonesia sorrow and anger. As a result, the tragedy is followed by the anarchic events in the capital and in several other cities on 13-14 May 1998, which caused many victims of both mental and material.
The student movement also extends almost all over Indonesia. Choice of action, which was then chosen by most groups of students to encourage the mass decrease in the Soeharto mengerucut building action of the DPR / MPR. Under the great pressure from within and abroad, Soeharto (21 May 1998) ultimately chose to withdraw from the occupation, three months after the MPR appoint a tribute to the seventh. Soeharto then choose the Vice-President, B. J. Habibie, to become the third presiden Indonesia.
History
New Order (1968 - 1998) is a time for Presiden Soeharto government in Indonesia. New Order replaces the Order refers to the duration of the Soekarno era. New Order with the present spirit of "total correction" over the misuse Old Order Soekarno. In that period, the Indonesian economy grew rapidly even though this practice dibarengi corruption in the country. In addition, the gap between rich people and poor are also more broad.
Presiden Soeharto launch "New Order" in the world of Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy and the country's roads in the Soekarno adopted at the end of the occupation.
One of the first policy is to register to become a member of the UN Indonesia again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia intends to continue cooperation with the UN and to continue participation in the activities of the UN ", and a member of the UN back on 28 September 1966, exactly 16 years after India received the first time.
At the initial stage, draw a line that Soeharto is very firm. Old Order or New Order. Excision political - in Eastern Europe is often referred to lustrasi - made to people associated with the Communist Party of Indonesia. Criminal sanctions undertaken with the Extraordinary Military Court to judge the parties dikonstruksikan Soeharto as rebels. The court held, and some of those involved "removed" to the island of Buru.
Sanctions imposed nonkriminal with political excommunication through administrative rule making. Instruments such as special research (litsus) and the implementation of the special (laksus) by the military, many applied to select the strength of old that can not be involved in the carriage of the New Order. ID cards marked ET (ex tapol).
New Order and select the improvement of economic development as the purpose and policy through the administrative structure that dominated the military but with advice from Western economists upbringing.
DPR and the MPR does not work effectively. Members are often selected even from the military, especially those close to the Cendana (Soeharto's family). This resulted in the aspirations of the people less often heard by the center. Division of PAD (Regional Original income) is also unfair because 70% of PAD in each province each year must be paid to Jakarta, so that the stretch of cliff between the central and local governments. Here are the advantages and disadvantages during the new order of government (Soeharto), anrata others;
1. The merit system Government's New Order:
a. Development of GDP per capita of Indonesia in 1968 only U.S. $ 70 and in 1996 has reached more than U.S. $ 1000. Many recognize Indonesia as the analysis of economic and industrial market which is growing.
b. Successful resettlement, various government programs of transmigration given new order, such as self-help, swakarsa, bedol village, and so forth.
c. Success KB (family planning), so that the former presiden Soeharto had obtained international pengharggaan.
d. Successful fight against illiteracy, illiteracy eradication and the number to be glued to the corner-village.
e. Successful self-sufficient food, the former presiden Soeharto received an award from the FAO, over the success of self-sufficient in rice.
f. Minimum unemployment
g. Success Repelita (Five Year Development Plan), the implementation of development can be managed and implemented according to the schedule already determined MPR.
h. Success Movement Compulsory Education, compulsory education program 9 (nine) years have been developed in the new order of government
i. Success National Movement-The Old People care, the provision of educational scholarships for children of less well.
j. Successful security in the country, the emphasis of crime figures is done by sharing ways, such as intimidation, Peter (mistirius shooter) for the perpetrators of crime,
k. Foreign investors would infuse capital in Indonesia, the level of political stability to make foreign investors feel secure and comfortable in running businesses in Indonesia.
l. The feeling of success and love the product of nationalism in the country, through a variety of public service ads on television TVRI government.
2. Lack of the New Order Government System:
a. Semaraknya practices of corruption, collusion, nepotism in almost all sectors of government.
b. Indonesia's development of uneven development and the occurrence of the gap between center and regions, partly due to the property because most of the disedot to the center.
c. The emergence of sense of dissatisfaction in some areas because of gaps in development, especially in Aceh and Papua.
d. Jealousy among the local population with the transmigrants who get government payments large enough in the year-first year.
e. Increasing social inequality (the difference in income that is not equitable for the rich and the poor).
f. Critics and opposition dibungkam forbidden, this is done in many ways, sepert intimidation, litsus, laksus, and others.
g. Freedom of the press is very limited, colored by many newspapers and magazines that dibreidel, and against the press that criticize the government is dissolved, revoked license and giving rising to the sanctions redakturnya.
h. The use of violence to create a secure, among other programs with the "mysterious shooting" (Peter), abduction and intimidation undertaken a lot of security in the new order of government.
i. There is no succession plan (reduction of power to the government / President hereinafter)
Seconds later the fall of the new order (Soehato) in 1998, can diruntut as follows:
January 22: Rupiah through 17.000, - per U.S. dollar, IMF plan does not indicate support.
February 12: Soeharto appointed General Wiranto, to be called Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia.
March 5: Twenty college students to the University of Indonesia Gedung DPR / MPR to express disapproval of the President which questioned a speech delivered at the General Council of the MPR and the national reform agenda. They received ABRI faction
March 10: Soeharto elected for the term of office back five years with the seventh time menggandeng BJ Habibie as Vice President.
March 14: Soeharto announced the new cabinet named Cabinet Development VII. Bob Hasan, and Soeharto's children, Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, was selected to become ministers.
April 15: Soeharto ask students end the protest and return to campus this week because as long as students from various universities and private land berunjuk make sense of the political reforms demanded
April 18: Minister of Defense and Security / Panglima ABRI Jendral Purn. Wiranto and 14 Cabinet ministers VII of the dialogue with the students in the Pekan Raya Jakarta, but quite a lot of students from various universities that refused to dialogue.
May 1: Soeharto through the Minister of Home Affairs and Minister Hartono Penerangan Alwi Dahlan said that the new reforms can be started in 2003.
May 2: The statement that diralat and then declared that Soeharto said the reform can be done from now (1998).
Students in Medan, Bandung, Yogyakarta and welcome increase in the price of fuel oil with a large-scale demonstration. Disikapi demonstration by the repressive apparatus. In several campus collision occurred.
May 4: The price of fuel jumped sharply to 71%, followed by three days of unrest in Medan, the victim died at least 6. The impact of economic turmoil is lumpuhnya Medan and surrounding areas. Medan, the descendants of Chinese population is also going to leave the city because they feel security is not assured, even though there is also a stay to protect the property so that they do not dijarah. During several days the difficulty get food staple.
May 7: Current Cimanggis, clash between students and security forces occurred on the campus of Faculty of Engineering University Jayabaya, Cimanggis, which resulted in at least 52 students taken to hospital Tugu Ibu, Cimanggis. Two of them hit shot in the neck and right arm, while the remainder of injury from a bat cane and eye irritation due to tear gas.
May 8: Current Gejayan, 1 student killed, namely Moses Gatotkaca killed. He was found dying after cleaning apparatus to unrest in the area around the hotel Radisson Yogyakarta.
May 9: Soeharto's departure a week to Egypt to attend the meeting KTT G-15. This is the last lawatan abroad as President of the Republic of Indonesia.
May 12: Trisakti Tragedy, students move from campus in Grogol Trisakti to Building DPR / MPR in Slipi. Dihadang by police that they returned to the campus day and evening there were reprisal against Trisakti students. Firing berlansung throughout the afternoon and resulted in 4 students Trisakti (Elang Mulya, Hafidin Royan, Hendriawan Sie and Hery Hartanto) died and tens of other people both incoming students and the community hospital because of injury.
May 13: Mal Ratu flexible on Jl. S. Parman, including the one that burned in Solo. Riot broke out in May 1998 in Jakarta. unrest also occurred in the city of Solo.
Soeharto who is attending a meeting of developing countries G-15 in Cairo, Egypt, decided to return to Indonesia. Previously, in a face-to-face meeting with the Indonesian community in Cairo, says Soeharto akan resigned from his old job as president. Eksodus ethnic Chinese began to leave Indonesia.
May 14: Demonstrations continue to grow in almost all major cities in Indonesia, demonstrators besiege and occupy buildings in the area of the DPRD.
Soeharto, as quoted newspaper, are willing to resign if the people want. He said that in front of the Indonesian community in Cairo.
Ongoing turmoil in Jakarta, hundreds of people died due to fires that occurred during the riot occurred.
May 15: Finish the KTT G-15, dated 15 May l998, President Soeharto to return to the ground water and landed in the field Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Jakarta, the early dawn hours. Towards the afternoon, President Soeharto received a Vice President BJ Habibie, a number of officials and other high country.
May 17: Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture, Abdul Latief staggering steps on Sunday, 17 May 1998. He submits letter of resignation to the President with the reasons for the Soeharto family, especially her children insistence.
May 18: At 15:20 WIB, Chairman of the MPR is also chairman of Golkar Party, the House of Representatives building in Harmoko, met thousands of students, with a firm voice said, for the sake of unity and the unity of the nation, leaders of the House of Representatives, both the Chairman and Vice Chairman, President Soeharto expect prorogue themselves are wise and prudent. Harmoko was accompanied all the Vice Chairman of the House of Representatives, that is, Ismail Hasan Metareum, Syarwan Hamid, Abdul Gafur, and Fatimah Achmad.
Pukul 21:30 WIB, four Coordinating Minister (Ministry Coordinator) received the Presiden Soeharto Cendana progress to report. They also intend to use the opportunity to suggest that the Cabinet be dissolved Development VII only, not in-Reshuffle. The goal, so they are not selected again in a cabinet reform is not too "ashamed". However, the intention seems to have been known by President Soeharto. He immediately said, "Cabinet Affairs is my business." As a result, the proposal that the cabinet was dissolved not be delivered. Discussion on the switch shoptalk developing in the community.
Pukul 23:00 WIB Menhankam / Panglima TNI General Wiranto ABRI revealed, the ABRI leadership of the House of Representatives that Presiden Soeharto step down was the attitude and opinions of individual, even if the statement is delivered collectively. Wiranto proposed the establishment of "the Council of Reform."
The first wave of students and FKSMJ Forum page to enter the city and stayed in the building DPR / MPR. Students occupied building DPR / MPR
May 19: At 09.00-11.32 WIB, President Soeharto met with scholars and community leaders, the Chairman of the General PB Nahdlatul Ulama Abdurrahman Wahid, cultural Emha Ainun Nadjib, Director of the Foundation Nucholish Paramadina Madjid, Indonesia Ulama Council Chairman Ali Yafie, Prof. Malik Fadjar (Muhammadiyah) , Teacher of the Law of the State of the University of Indonesia Yusril Ihza Mahendra, KH Cholil Baidowi (Muslims Indonesia), Sumarsono (Muhammadiyah), and Achmad Bagdja and Ma'ruf Amin from NU. In the meeting that lasted for almost 2.5 hours (molor's original plan with only 30 minutes) figures reveal that the last situation, where eleman community and students still want Soeharto back. Soeharto ago put the establishment of the Committee Reform
Presiden Soeharto explained, will soon conduct of Development Cabinet Reshuffle VII, and it is changing its name to Cabinet Reform. President also established Reform Committee. Nurcholish afternoon revealed that the idea Reshuffle Cabinet and Reform Committee was formed from pure Soeharto, and not their proposal.
Pukul 16:30 WIB, Coordinating Minister Ekuin Ginandjar Kartasasmita with Menperindag Mohamad Hasan reported to the President concerning the distribution of economic damage to the network due to the action pillage and burn. Together they also owned Pendayagunaan Minister Tanri Abeng akan reported that plans concerning the sale of state-owned shares, which some states peminatnya back. At that time, also the Coordinating Minister Ekuin negative reaction to the senior economics; Emil Salim, Soebroto, Arifin Siregar, Moh Sadli, and Frans Seda, up plan Soeharto Reform Committee formed and me-Cabinet Reshuffle. They essentially call, actions that extend overextend time.
Thousands of students occupied building DPR / MPR, Jakarta. Amien Rais mass invites to Major National Monument to commemorate the National Day of Resurrection. Reported clash occurred in the demonstration at the University of Airlangga, Surabaya.
May 20: Amien Rais cancel plans large-scale demonstration at the Monument, the 80,000 soldiers in the area bersiaga Monument.
500,000 people demonstrate in Yogyakarta, including Sultan Hamengkubuwono X. Other large demonstrations also occurred in Surakarta, Medan, Bandung.
Harmoko said Soeharto should resign on Friday, May 22, or the DPR / MPR akan forced to choose a new presiden
Pukul 14:30 WIB, 14 ministers meet ekuin field in Bappenas Building. Two other ministers, that is, Mohamad Hasan and Menkeu Fuad Bawazier not attend. They agreed not willing to sit in the Reform Committee, or Cabinet Reshuffle results of the Reformation. Originally there is the desire to convey the results of the meeting directly to the President Soeharto, but finally decided disclose sepucuk through the mail. The first letter of the paragraph, the implied request that Soeharto's occupation back. Feeling abandoned, beaten, have made Soeharto did not have any other choice except for the back. The 14 ministers are Akbar Tandjung, AM Hendropriyono, Ginandjar Kartasasmita, Giri Suseno, Haryanto Dhanutirto, Justika Baharsjah, Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, Rachmadi Bambang Sumadhijo, Rahardi Ramelan, Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya, Sanyoto Sastrowardoyo, Sumahadi, Theo L. Sambuaga and Tanri Abeng.
Pukul 20:00 WIB, a letter was delivered to Colonel Sumardjono. Mail is then delivered to the President Soeharto. Soeharto then met with three former Vice President; Umar Wirahadikusumah, Sudharmono and Try Sutrisno.
Pukul 23:00 WIB, Soeharto ordered ajudan to call Yusril Ihza Mahendra, Mensesneg Saadillah Mursjid, and Panglima ABRI TNI General Wiranto. Soeharto has been berbulat heart submit to the authority of the Vice President BJ Habibie.
Wiranto to three times back and forth Cendana-Office for the decision Menhankam Soeharto. Wiranto need to speak with the Head of the Force Staff attitude that ABRI will be decided in response to Soeharto's decision to back. After reaching agreement with Wiranto, Habibie, Soeharto and then call.
Pukul 23:20 WIB, Yusril Ihza Mahendra met with Amien Rais. In the meeting, Yusril said that Soeharto's prepared to back his old job. words delivered by Yusril that, "The old man most probably has resigned." Yusril also inform you that pengumumannya Soeharto akan conducted 21 May 1998 at 09.00 WIB. Ago the news was delivered also to Nurcholish Madjid, Emha Ainun Najib, Danandjaya Utomo, Syafii Ma'arif, Djohan Effendi, H Amidhan, and more. Then they immediately go into the headquarters of the leaders of reform in a peaceful way Indramayu 14 Central Jakarta, which is the home office of Director General of Islamic Institutions, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Malik Fadjar. There, smack Nur - call familiar Nurcholish Madjid - preparing provisions that must be submitted to the new government.
May 21: At 01.30 WIB, General Chairman of the Central Board of Muhammadiyah Amien Rais and scholars Nurcholish Madjid (deceased) morning early days said, "Congratulations to live longer and government welcome the new government."
At 9:00 WIB, Soeharto announced his retreat. Soeharto and to thank and apologize to all the people and leave the page Merdeka Palace accompanied ajudannya, Colonel (Kav) Issantoso and Colonel (Pol) Sutanto (later to become the Head of Police). Black Mercedes ditumpanginya the police no longer numbered B-1, but B 2044 AR. Vice President B.J. Habibie became the new presiden Indonesia.
General Wiranto said ABRI will remain to protect the ex-president and former president, "ABRI will keep the safety and honor of the former presiden / mandataris MPR, including the former Presiden Soeharto and their families."
There was a debate on this transition process. Yusril Ihza Mahendra, one of the first to say that the process of transfer of power is legitimate and constitutional.
May 22: Habibie announced the order of "Reform Cabinet". Prabowo Subiyanto Letjen removed from office Panglima Kostrad. Building on the DPR / MPR, almost collision occurred between the supporters of Habibie use of symbols and attributes to the religious students who still survive in the building DPR / MPR. Students assume that Habibie was still part of the New Order regime. Of the students from the Building mengevakuasi DPR / MPR to the University of Atma Jaya
Discussion
In the field of political elite has been a phenomenon that indicates a contention faksi-faksi involving intra-elite forces that are in government and society, which concentrated on the issue of replacement of the national leadership. Makostrad meeting on 14 May 1998 between ABRI officials with several community leaders, which describes an integral part of the elite political struggle. In addition, the dynamics also appear to struggle on the responsibility of the TNI Letjen Prabowo Subianto in the case of kidnapping activist.
Analysis of the reinforced this fact with the change in leadership of a national one week after riot occurred, which have previously didahului with the steps to the TAP MPR No. diberlakukannya. V / MPR/1998.
In the economic crisis occurred is monetary telab result membesarnya socio-economic inequalities, menguatnya perception (belief) about the ketikdakadilan more severe (acute) and create a broad social inequalities that are vulnerable to conflicts vertical (inter-class political elite) and horizontal (inter - dimasayarakat-class).
In the social field, the effects of political crisis and the economy, clearly visible symptoms of the mass of explosive violence (explode-ledak) and over-the likely solution is selected as the problem, for example, in the form of pillage among residents in the area. Similarly, the race that latent sentiment in the community has become merebak racism, particularly in big cities. In addition to the religious identity that has been forced to be used by some people as a means to protect themselves so that creates a feeling diskriminstif be on the other religion. Easy to understand that a background of violence-violence that have made the University of Trisakti mahawiswa shooting triggered unrest as a national scale.
Conclusion
After the shooting of Trisakti University students on May 12, 1998, the whole society Indonesia sorrow and anger. As a result, the tragedy is followed by the anarchic events in the capital and in several other cities on 13-14 May 1998, which caused many victims of both mental and material.
All events are convincing more students to strengthen the claim of the seat recession Soeharto presidency. Choice of action, which was then chosen by most groups of students to encourage the mass decrease in the Soeharto mengerucut building action of the DPR / MPR.
Building the DPR / MPR RI is a monumental event in the process of Soeharto pelengseran calyx of the President and demand reform. In this event, thousands of students from various campus buildings occupied join DPR / MPR for urgent Soeharto back.
Events 13-15 May 1998 riot was a national tragedy that is very sad and is a disgrace to human dignity and honor, state and nation as a whole. Government and society have to seriously take all measures to prevent the kind of unrest it. It is urgent that the attention and solidarity expressed by all parties to the real victims and victim's family, so that the restoration of the rights as a civilized nation that also determined the extent to which nations we can correct the weakness and kekurangannya, as soon as what we fear and the feeling of realizing peaceful and safe for everyone without exception.
List of libraries
1. Reform in Indonesia; http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. Team Reports Combined Fact Finder (TGPF) Current Date 13-15 May 1998 /; Wikisource Indonesia, Indonesia free library; http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/
3. Riot in May 1998; English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; http://semanggipeduli.com/
4. Trisakti tragedy; from English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; http://semanggipeduli.com/
5. Festschrift reform in Indonesia; http://systems-baraapi.blogspot.com/
6. Contextual Teaching and Learning Social Sciences: Junior High School / Madrasah Tsanawiyah Class IX Issue 4 / I Wayan Legawa, ... [et. al .].-- Jakarta: Center Perbukuan, Ministry of National Education, 2008.
Posts
